Senate Republicans Oppose Equal Pay Bill - 1404 Words

Progress towards trying to make a change and pass a bill that will change the way women are looked upon in the workplace. In the article, Senate Republicans reject equal pay bill exemplifies how both men and women will be paid equally for the work both genders are accomplishing, however that reality is still not achieved â€Å"Unfortunately, Senate Republicans disagree,† she added. The bill, sponsored by Sen. Barbara A. Mikulski (D-Md.), had 52 sponsors, but Democrats were unable to persuade Republicans to vote for the legislation, which needed to clear a 60-vote threshold to open debate on the bill† Democratic party is in favor of equal rights, such as in equal pay in all sexes, however the Republican party is against the bill of equal pay because already the discrimination between sexes is illegal, but just because it is illegal doesn t mean that it is not commonly happening everyday. To achieve equality all parties have to be in favor of the change. Political parties are at times ignorant to what is happening and will go against movements that have been on the uproar just because they believe something isn t happening. Women have been denied equality for hundreds of years, yet in present day that inequality has been taught at a young age. Since my early years of education at Monte Vista Elementary School, I was always brought attention to for my clothing being provocative. How provocative could a child s clothing be? I wore a knee length school skirt and a white tucked inShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Senate Bill925 Words   |  4 Pages Not everyone like the superintendents are for Senate Bill 1. Some people oppose the bill because they do not like it. There are many reasons why people would vote for the bill along with many reasons that someone may oppose the bill too. But the ultimate goal of this bill is to â€Å"raise each one of Illinois’ 860-plus school districts to individual adequacy targets—or the amount of money needed to properly educate every student—through increased funding from the state† (Masterson). But gettingRead MoreThe Student Loan Debt F or The United States1554 Words   |  7 PagesDemocratic co-sponsors, and zero Republican co-sponsors. The bill was introduced to increase purchasing power to strengthen the economic recovery from the Financial Crisis of 2008, restore fairness in financing higher education in the United States through student loan forgiveness, set caps on interest rates at 3.4% on Federal student loans, provide refinancing opportunities for private borrowers, and achieve other purposes (112 Bill Profile H.R. 4170 (2011-2012), 2012). The bill was referred to the HouseRead MoreMidterm Elections : Midterm Election1665 Words   |  7 Pagesexceptions. For example, in the 1986 elections, President Reagan was convinced that Republicans would maintain a majority in the House of Representatives. However, voters overwhelmingly chose the Democrats who took control of the U.S. Senate. President Clinton had a similar experience in an election that was nicknamed the ‘Republican Revolution’ in whic h the Grand Old Party (GOP) took over most of the gubernatorial posts, the Senate and House of Representatives. In the last century, only three incumbent partiesRead MoreExplain the Factors Which Make It Difficult to Amend the Us Constitution740 Words   |  3 PagesQ. Explain the factors which make it difficult to amend the US Constitution (15 marks) To amend the US Constitution, a bill has to go through a two-stage process: proposal and ratification. The proposal stage has to have two thirds majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. Every successful amendment has started this way and even the failed ones. A proposal can also be made by a Constitutional convention, which is a one-off body which is put together for a specific purpose, andRead MoreFraming A New Government1689 Words   |  7 PagesConfederation and give it power to tax, but the VA Plan remained basis for discussion 6.) VA Plan supporters pleased the smaller states by making the upper house be elected by state legislatures, each state at least 1 representative 7.) Questions of equal representation in upper house, of slaves counted in states population but feared the slaves would be taxed if the states taxed based on population C.) Compromise 1.) In July, a grand committee established with Franklin as head, produced basis of theRead MorePresident Obama Hated On Friday Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Obama hated on Friday what he called a Republican (series of actions to reach a goal) to deny voting rights to millions of Americans as he stepped up efforts to motivate and excite his political base heading into a competitive midterm campaign season. Appearing at the once-a-year convention of the Rev. Al Sharpton s National Action Network in Manhattan, Mr. Obama (charged with a crime) Republicans of trying to rig the elections by making it harder for older people, women, minoritiesRead MoreFurthermore, Reproductive Rights Cannot Be Discussed Without1698 Words   |  7 Pagesinsurance options, under this policy more women had access to healthcare or better healthcare due to the expansion of Medicaid. If more women have access to healthcare, that means their reproductive health is being taken care for as well, they are gaining equal and educational access to contraceptives, family planning, and the options available if they experience an unplanned pregnancy through their physicians. This country cannot protect reproductive rights without having an inclusive and affordable healthcareRead MoreThe Constitution And A Framework For Government Based On Broad Principles1620 Words   |  7 PagesLegislative Branch Section I Section II Section III Section IV Section V Congress holds the power for †¢ Legislative Powers †¢ The Senate †¢ House of Representatives The requirements to be in the House of Representatives are †¢ Need to be 25 years of age †¢ Every second year new members are chosen †¢ People of the state determine their representative Requirements for the Senate †¢ 2 Senators for every 1 state †¢ Need to be 30 Years of age †¢ When you reach your 9th year of being a senator, you can impeachRead MoreThe Labor Standards Act Of 1938 ( Flsa )1992 Words   |  8 Pagesand Hour Division†). A similar bill was introduced in 1989 called H.R.2 - Minimum Wage Restoration Act of 1989 (Library of Congress, 2015, â€Å"H.R.2 - Minimum Wage Restoration Act of 1989†). This bill proposed that the minimum wage should be set annually by reviewing â€Å"current economic data on wages, prices, and other economic indicators and determine how the minimum wage rate should be adjusted† (U.S. Department of Labor, 2015, â€Å"Wage and Hour Division†). This bill was never passed. There have beenRead MoreThe Equal Rights Amendment Proposition2110 Words   |  9 PagesThe Equal Rights Amendment proposition to the United States Constitution was sent down to the state level in 1972, but was met by an organized opposition of religious conservative women trying to save the country and the family home from the secularizing transition to modernity. The ERA embodied all the fears of the conservative woman. Since statehood there has been a strong cultural division based on gender in Oklahoma. A comprehensive Legislative Council study, in 1972 and revised in 1976, covering

Torture and Public Policy - 907 Words

Summary ‘Torture and public policy’ said about story of brutal torture which arouse in Abu Ghraib. Brutal torture was outcome of chain of actions. Although upper officer did not intend make it occur. This is chronological order which bring about brutal torture. 1. President Bush and Secretary Rumsfeld decided, against the advice of some professional military officers, to limi the number of troops sen to Iraq. 2. President Bush decided that the Geneva Conventions did not apply to al Qaeda. 3. Assistant Attorney General Bybee defined torture narrowly and argued that the commander-in-chief power negated the law against torture. 4. Secretary Rumsfeld expanded the range of†¦show more content†¦Public should be interested in administration and policy. In these days turnout degradation prevailed. This makes incentive to work hard and reflect public interest for administrator and parliament weak. So we have to be concerned which interest was secured and not secured. If we react sensitively to administration and policy, they have to listen to public interest. Consequently securing the public interest turns on public not administration and parliament. 4. In the pfiffner case, list the central factors that you found led to its tragedy. Rank those you see as most important. Which ones were least important? What criteria did you use to rank order these factors? All factors affecting this tragedy have some shares. Because there are no one who will anticipate and plan this tragedy. It is just series of work and mingled decision making. Various mingled factors make unsuspected outcomes. So it is difficult to rate who is most responsible. But I think Bush who has most powerful right to decide should have been careful. Because his decision spread out from top of administration to bottom of administration. Furthermore, if there are some inapparent decision from top of administration, bottom of administration has to interpret arbitrarily, which can makes unsuspected outcomes. 5. Given your list, does it differ from Friedrich’s and Finer’s prescriptions for achieving the administrativeShow MoreRelatedTorture and Public Policy1586 Words   |  7 PagesTorture and Public Policy Kevin Huckabee Stephen F. Austin State University Prepared for: PBA-500 Survey of Public Administration Abstract The subsequent case study, prepared by James P. Pfiffner, Torture and Public Policy, (2010) analyzes the torture and abuse of war prisoners by United States military personnel in Abu Ghraib, Iraq, and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, following photographs of the abuse spread around the world in the fall of 2003. Pfiffner points out that the United States Military, SecretaryRead MoreHow Do Foreign Affairs During Vietnam Justify Public Or Private Tactical Behavior?1633 Words   |  7 Pagesdegree is torture valuable? How do foreign affairs in Vietnam justify public or private tactical behavior. T.S. Eliot: â€Å"There is no such thing as a Lost Cause, because there is no such thing as a Gained Cause.† Growth and power come paired with conflict and danger. The United States must use interrogation to ensure the safety of its citizens. A history of torture to get information is prominent between many nations, however the use of such interrogation is often kept private from the public. NaturallyRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ford s Policies1682 Words   |  7 PagesBut Ford’s policies also had some larger, positive effects. â€Å"Mass production soon moved ... to all phases of American industry and set a pattern of abundance for 20th century living. ... [and] helped America’s 20th century middle class take off.† (Cwiek, 2014). As explained in the film â€Å"Henry Ford,† with Ford’s cheaper, reliable cars also came greater mobility, which liberated Americans with a sense of control over their destinies and hopes for new possibilities. (Colt, 20 13). Automobile industrializationRead MorePersuasive Essay On Torture929 Words   |  4 Pages The practice of torture by United States officials has become one of the most controversial elements of military history. The debate of its use in gathering intelligence has been particularly prevalent since the Bush administration. Most recently, a detailed and graphic scene of torture was presented in the movie Zero Dark Thirty. Proponents for the use of torture state that it is necessary for intelligence gathering and that ethics should be waved aside. Opponents argue that it is not becomingRead MoreThe Torture Myth, by Anne Applebaum 903 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article, â€Å"The Torture Myth,† Anne Applebaum explores the controversial topic of torture practices, focused primarily in The United States. The article was published on January 12, 2005, inspired by the dramatic increase of tensions between terrorist organizations and The United States. Applebaum explores three equality titillating concepts within the article. Applebaums questions the actual effectivenes s of using torture as a means of obtaining valuable information in urgent times. ApplebaumRead MoreTorture Allowed in the United States1408 Words   |  6 Pagessimilar incidents. Torture can be used to prevent these terrible incidents and save the lives of many people. Torture in the United States has been a debatable subject for many years now but after resent tragedies, the idea of torture of many American citizens has changed. It has also been debated over more after the attacks on September 9, 2001 than any other time in American history. Many fight the legalization of torture for moral and civil reasons but the truth is that torture is a lesser evilRead MoreRussia And The Ukrainian Government1671 Words   |  7 PagesIn war-torn eastern Ukraine, both the Ukrainian government and the separatists acting on behalf of Russia violate the human rights established in the Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.Ukraine has been a nat ion in crisis since 2013, when then-president Viktor Yanukovych refused to sign an association agreement with the European Union that had been in the works for years, instead choosing to strengthen ties with Russia. This led to a politicalRead MoreThe Truth about Torture and Enhanced Interrogations1577 Words   |  7 PagesThe Truth about Torture and Enhanced Interrogations Beaten, broken, burned, bruised, tortured. Torture is defined as a â€Å"deliberate, systematic, or wanton infliction of physical and mental suffering by one or more persons acting alone or on the orders of an authority to force another person to yield information, make a confession, etc† (Torture). Throughout history, torture has been used for extreme punishment or unreasonably hateful oppression but more recently torture has been used to force theRead MoreWheel of torture1724 Words   |  7 PagesWHEEL OF TORTURE Ten (10) Philippine National Police officers have been discharged after revelations that they played a game called â€Å"wheel of torture† at a secret detention facility. The Commission on Human Rights is looking into the supposed maltreatment of up to 41 detainees in the Philippine National Police facility in Bià ±an, Laguna. The facility is a 200-square-meter bungalow being rented by the Laguna police intelligence branch first district unit composed of 12 staffs. At the kitchen areaRead MoreTorture and National Security: A Moral Question Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesaddresses these questions, there seems to be room for expansion with a type of gray area subject. The text that I recommend for inclusion into the Calling and Leadership 102 curriculum is an 1978 entry into the Philosophy and Public Affairs journal simply entitled, Torture, written by Henry Shue, a Senior Research Fellow and Professor of Politics and International Relations at Oxford University. If included in the curriculum, it would be in the Section 3b, which asks if disobedience or violence

Business culture of the host country-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Disucss about the Cultural analysis of the host country of your Choice. Answer: Introduction: Japan is considered to be one of the sovereign island nations which is located in the eastern part of Asia. It is present in the Pacific Ocean. It mainly lies from the coast which is on the eastern part of the mainland of Asia. It can be seen to stretch from the Sea of Okhotsk in the northern part mainly to that of the East China Sea as well as China in the southwest region (Wilkis Wright, 2016). It is interesting to know that the country mainly comprises of 6852 islands of which the four main are the Shikoku, Kyushu, Honshu as well as the Hokkaido. These four islands mainly make up about 97% of the Japans land area and are mainly called the home islands. The industrial sectors of Japan have made the nation, one of the earliest in Asia to make its name in the economic sectors. A glorious history is associated with the industrial sectors of Japan. When the Meiji restoration period took place in the middle of the nineteenth century, the government of Japan had actively pursued western style of reform as well as development (Honma Hu, 2014). At that time, they had hired 3000 Westerners to teach the new employees about the modern science as well as mathematics and technology in Japan. From that time onwards, Japan had never looked back in the business sector and in the sectors of industrialization. Thorough researches over the period show that the government during that period helped in the formation of industries. This was done by efficiently helping the public sector to be properly equipped with powerful infrastructural changes. This is mainly done to help the private sector to grow (Ito, Kaneta Sundsterm, 2016). It is very interestin g to see how Japan had shown the spirit of recovering back after the devastation caused to their country by the Second World War. The time period of 1960 and 1980 has been described by researchers to be an economic miracle. MITI also called the Ministry of the International Trade established in the year 1949 was highly instrumental in the countrys post war recovery of the economic condition. Numerous policies were implemented that had led to the heavy industrial growth in Japan. It had a strong impact on the economical condition of Japan than in comparison to any other governmental regulation of the world. Such an impressive fact of the nation makes it necessary to choose it as one of the most influential power in business. They had showed the strength of overcoming the economic turmoil of the nation and had successfully crossed all hurdles in establishing it as a successful industrialized country in the world (Jakovljevic, Nakazano Ogura, 2014). This interesting fact makes Japan a n obvious choice for the assignment. In 2012, industrial sector was responsible for about 27.5 percent of the Japans GDP. Some of the most important industries of the nation have included the motor vehicles, machine tools, electronic equipments as well as steel and non-ferrous metals. Besides, ships, chemicals, textiles as well as processed food had formed some of the biggest sectors of the country. In spite of the historical significance of the manufacturing in the Japanese section, services still make the dominant component of the economy (Fujita, 2013). It contributes for about 71.4% of the GDP in the present decade; some of the major services include banking, insurance, retaining, telecommunications as well as transportations. Some of the interesting factors that always attract any business professional towards working with Japan is that it had become the largest electronic manufacture in many prominent countries like Sony, Casio, Mitsubishi Electric, Panasonic, Canon, Fujitsu, Nikon, Yamaha etc. Not only that, the nations automobile industry is the second largest producer of vehicle in the venture world after the nation of china. Although second in line, they are the most valuable and technologically advanced industry in the world in the sector (Sugimoto Swain, 2016). In spite of the disaster caused to the nation over the year by wars, tsunamis and other natural and manmade calamities, they have always returned with huge promises and success. All these, make choosing this nation of Japan apt for the assignment. Cultural analysis of the host country: Japanese culture is diverse as well as rich. This nation comes to peoples mind for their traditional arts as well as contemporary pop culture. Very wonderful sights that can be seen on the roads of Japan are the beautiful kimono wore ladies who are shuffling down the streets with the wonderful umbrellas overhead. Another important culture which is widely known by people all over the world is the oversized sumo wrestlers battling within their rings providing an entertaining sight to the visitors. Statistical data has seen that foreigners get highly impressed by the sophisticated cuisine of the Japanese (Bargiela et al., 2013). Their unique social customs and refined performing and visual arts are famous all over the world and provide them a high respectable position in the list of impactful countries in terms of cultural efficiency. The families are like other families of different nations where the women have the responsibility to provide education and manage the finances at home whi le the fathers work late. They have customs of having dinner together except in cases where the male members come late. With modernization, woman are also engaging themselves in professional duties and managing both home and work together (Pye Verbla, 2015). Japan has been seen to harbor a culture of strong family solidarity where the Japanese prefer highly homogenous society. Their society mainly believes on the concept of collectivism where harmony of the entire group is paid more importance. The society takes precedence over the wants of the individual. The society is mainly vertically structured. They have high beliefs for the respect of the higher authorities in a way of not only the states but also the employer and the family. If one wants to ponder over the race and ethnicity of the nation, it can be seen that the population of the Japan mainly comprising of about 98.5% Japanese and 0.5% of Koreans. Chinese mainly comprises of about 0.4% and all other races and ethnicities represent about 0.6%. A thorough cultural analysis helps in looking over five important subcultures. The first sub culture is called the Gyaru or the Gal culture which the Japanese believe are the Western beauty standards such as the tanned skin, revealing cloth ing, blonde hair and also possessing of outgoing personality. Another subculture is seen called the Bosozoku/Hashiriya which mainly involve the car and motorcycle enthusiasts particularly in regards to the street racing as well as illegal modifications (Ferrado Briody, 2017). Another subculture is the Hikimori who are young people who are mainly seen to withdraw from their active life outside their homes. Then there is the Otaku who are obsessive enthusiasts of particular hobby which does not necessarily have to be anime. Another is the Visual Kei which refers to musicians who dress themselves in very elaborate as well as artistic styles. Coming to Japanese aesthetics, 7 important aesthetics are followed by the Japanese people. These are the simplicity or elimination of clutter called Kanso. Here, they believe in omitting or excluding any non essential elements in the light of visualizing things which are plain, simple and of natural manner. The second one is the asymmetry and irre gularity called the Fukensei which mainly is based on the strength of being able to control balance. The next is the naturaleness called the Shizen which implies unforced creativity an also absence of anything which is not original (Shiveli et al., 2015). The fourth one is subtlety called the Yugen where they believe in suggestion rather than revelation. The fifth one is the breaking of routine called the Datsuzoku where they believe in freedom from habit or formula. The others are stillness and tranquility called the Seijaky meaning feeling energized calm and solitude. The last important aesthetic is the austerity called the Shibui or shibumi where it states every individual to be beautiful by being understated being precisely what it is meant to be. In case of diet, meat was not allowed until 1868 but now Japanese diets contain meat where rice, fish and vegetables form an integral part of their food system. They also make some of the bet pastries outside France. Some of the vegeta rian options include Natto, Udon, Soba, Mountain Vegetable Soup, and Tofu Steak. Clothing also varies here many Japanese prefer weaning traditional clothing and some western forms of clothing. One unique recreational activity done by them besides the common leisure activities is karaoke. It has spread to other countries as well from here (Tsu Tollefson, 2017). Language holds large significance for them where they prefer speaking their own language in comparison to other languages of the world. Business culture of the host country: The Japanese business system is quite complex and is a developed society. They have an equally established set of business standards. Any business professional travelling from the other countries with an aim to perform business needs to be well acquainted with the intricate business etiquette of the Japanese so that they can be successful. Researchers are of the opinion that the Japanese business etiquettes are so vast in number that individual may even need one face to face year to master all of them. One of the most important trends noticed among the Japanese organizations is that they hire people with the mindset that they will work for them throughout their life (Rimer, 2014). They believe in relationship oriented understanding and prefer to take employees who will remain with the company for the rest of his or her working life. The Japanese professionals also gives good number of scopes to any foreigner going there for work as they believe in relationship development. For cultiv ating good relationship, the Japanese also go for social activities after work usually in group setting. A foreigner trying to search for work there should first provide importance to relationship building and should therefore leave no scope which gives them the opportunity to build trust. During meeting, certain etiquettes are followed. The Japanese are forgiving to people who do not have knowledge about their customs provided that they are genuinely not knowledgeable about their cultures (Collins, 2017). They do not take arrogance from foreigners during meetings. Foreigner should honor the Japanese traditions on meeting which includes bowing before shaking of hands. Malaysia mainly sees the men shaking hands. However Chinese people in Malaysia may bow down their heads before shaking hands. Many women unlike the Japanese women may not prefer handshakes with males so the males should wait for the women to raise their hands first for shaking hands. The Japanese sitting positions are very important as they believe that they are indicator of status. The highest ranking person will sit at the head of the table furthest away from the door. A foreigner has to wait before sitting of the high rank officials and cannot sit down at the first. Another important aspect of the Japanese business culture is the Japanese business card etiquette. Exchanging the business cards is one of the most important protocols in the Japanese business culture regardless of any occasion. It is considered to be one of the most important parts of formal introduction. Executives cannot start business until this procedure is complete (Hsu, Woodside Marshall, 2013). Similarly, Malaysias also maintain similar etiquette. While handing the card, Malaysians make sure that their name is present upwards. They prefer the opposite person to read the card before putting it in the pocket. Dress code also has a high value in the society of Japan. Japanese professional always dress formally in their organi zation and their dresses reflect their social as well as corporate status. The attire needs to be of decent quality with proper dark colors and should look classy. Women need to minimize their accessories and short skirts; heels and similar apparels need to be avoided. While speaking, one should be of calm nature as it is not acceptable to raise the voice or speak in a loud tone. Excessive hand gestures and pointing to someone while speaking are considered informal. Decision making is mainly considered here as a group effort and usually takes place from the bottom up. Consistent follow up is maintained in the organization as the decision making is very slow in organizations (Minkov et al., 2017). In Malaysia, decisions are mainly taken from the top as hierarchical structure with power to the higher officials is followed in the nation. Another interesting feature is that giving gift in business organizations is very important and the packaging of the gift is very important as the gif t itself in Japan. However in Malaysia, taking and giving gifts are not encouraged as they are considered as bribes. However, if they take, they have to take it with both hands. The Japanese executive normally bows among themselves while greeting but when they deal with foreigners, they shake their hands. However they are fond of foreign delegates giving a slight bow before shaking hands. A legal contract is also essential to meet legal tax, customs as well as accounting requirements. Japanese mainly believe that silence is golden and therefore silence speaks loudly about wisdom and emotional self control. They believe "The duck that quacks is the first to get shot." Group solidarity is preferred over individualism. They follow a slower procedure of business handling and therefore if any foreign delegates try to replace them with high pressure, confrontational approach, it does not work (Shortall Kharrazi et al. 2017). A gentler, persuasive presentation mainly helps in showcasing t he virtues of what one is proposing. Privacy is also valued here. Hofstedes 5 cultural dimensions analysis: Individualism vs. collectivism Individualism can be described as the attribute where it defines the degree by which members of the society or the organization are independent on each other. In individualistic societies, people are expected to look after themselves only and after their direct families. In collectivist societies, people are seen to belong to in groups where the members take care for each other by exchanging loyalty. Malaysia has a poor score of 26 in individualism. This means they are strong in collectivist activities. Their society and organization foster strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility. Employee and employer relationship is taken in moral terms where hiring and promotion takes account of an individual in group activities. Japan score 46 in individualism Japanese show a mixed kind of reactions. Their societies show many of the characteristic of a collectivist society like putting harmony of group abide individual opinions. However, they are not as collectivist as other Asia n countries (Yang et al., 2016). They are found to more private and reserved than other Asian countries. Therefore they are considered collectivism on western culture and individualistic on Asian standards. Power distance: Distance can be defined as the extent which determines about how the less powerful members of the institutions as well as different organizations within a particular company can expect as well as accept the concept of power being distributed equally. Malaysia is seen to score very high on this dimension which means that people accept the concept of hierarchal power. Hierarchy in these organizations mainly portrays the inherent inequalities where centralization of power is seen, leaders are benevolent autocrats and subordinates are told what to do. Therefore they score a perfect 100 out of total score of 100. Japan on the other hand has marks of 54. Although Japanese are conscious about their hierarchical position they are not as strict as other Asian culture. The main reason for their slow decision making is that in Japanese organizations, there is not only one top executive (Yang et al., 2016). The decisions are confirmed by each hierarchical layer and then by the top management. Re searchers suggest that the power distance is not so high because Japan has a meritocratic society. Uncertainty avoidance: Japan has a rate of 92 in this attribute. It is the attribute by which the organization deals with fact that future can never be known and therefore initiatives to be taken to be always prepared for any uncertain events. Japan is constantly threatened with natural disaster like earthquakes, typhoons, volcanoes and others. They put a lot of effort into feasibility studies and all the risk factors are properly assessed before starting of projects. Managers ask for details and figures and also look over the avoiding of losses due to uncertainty before proceeding with new projects. Malaysia is poor in this attribute by scoring 36 showing a low preference in avoiding uncertainty as societies remain more relaxed and feels there is no more need of rules until required. Achievement vs. nurturing Achievement can be described as the attribute of masculinity. Achieving better score in this factor means that the organization would be driven not only by competition but also by achievement and success. A low score on feminine trait means that dominant values of the organization are caring for the employees and quality of life. It mainly means that whether people want to be best (masculine) or like doing what they want to do (Feminine). Japan has a masculine score for 95. Although they practice mild collectivism, severe competition between groups is also seen. Employees remain motivated for fighting in a winning team against their competitors. They drive for excellence and perfection in their practices. Malaysia has a score of 50 showing both the attributes in balanced manner (Schutte Ciarlante, 2016). Long term orientation This is the attribute which shows how every society has to maintain some links not only with its own past at the same time of dealing with the challenges of the present and future. Malaysia scores 41 which mean Malaysia has normative culture. They have high concern with the establishment of the truth. They are normative in their thinking exhibiting greater respect for traditions (Taylor Okazaki, 2015). They focus on achieving quick results and exhibit great respect for traditions and small propensity for saving for the future. Japan scores high on this with marks 88. Japan shows long term orientation in costly higher rate of investment even in economically difficult times and higher own capital rate. They set priority to steady growth of market share instead of quarterly profit. They believe serving stakeholders for longer generations and not to make money every quarter for the shareholders. Source: (Yang et al., 2016) Conclusion: Japan is one of the leading nation of the world who has garnered huge respect for their industrialization and manufacturing of products. They have been the leading nation in electronic industry and also ranking second in automobile industry. Huge number of calamities, manmade attacks and others has not been able to restrict them in business. They had overcome all barriers and emerged as successful nation in business industry. They have different cultural styles starting from their aesthetics to that of their clothing, family beliefs, social structures, arts and crafts, and many others. They have a different business culture which also needs to be maintained. Moreover they have moderate power distance and individualism in their corporate culture. They show high achievement drive, high long term orientation and high uncertainty avoidance. All these need to be known properly before an individual or an organization wants to establish proper relationship with Japanese organizations. References: Bargiela-Chiappini, F., Nickerson, C., Planken, B. (2013). What is business discourse?. InBusiness Discourse(pp. 3-44). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Collins, J. (2017).Turning Goals into Results (Harvard Business Review Classics): The Power of Catalytic Mechanisms. Harvard Business Review Press. Ferraro, G. P., Briody, E. K. (2017).The cultural dimension of global business. Taylor Francis. Fujita, M. (2013).Exploring the sources of China's challenge to Japan: models of industrial organisation in the motorcycle industry(No. 419). Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO). Honma, S., Hu, J. L. (2014). Industry-level total-factor energy efficiency in developed countries: A Japan-centered analysis.Applied Energy,119, 67-78. Hsu, S. Y., Woodside, A. G., Marshall, R. (2013). Critical tests of multiple theories of cultures consequences: Comparing the usefulness of models by Hofstede, Inglehart and Baker, Schwartz, Steenkamp, as well as GDP and distance for explaining overseas tourism behavior.Journal of Travel Research,52(6), 679-704. Ito, T., Kaneta, T., Sundstrom, S. (2016). Does university entrepreneurship work in Japan?: a comparison of industry-university research funding and technology transfer activities between the UK and Japan.Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship,5(1), 8. Jakovljevic, M. B., Nakazono, S., Ogura, S. (2014). Contemporary generic market in Japankey conditions to successful evolution.Expert review of pharmacoeconomics outcomes research,14(2), 181-194. Minkov, M., Minkov, M., Dutt, P., Dutt, P., Schachner, M., Schachner, M., ... Jandosova, J. (2017). A revision of Hofstedes individualism-collectivism dimension: a new national index from a 56-country study.Cross Cultural Strategic Management,24(3), 386-404. Pye, L. W., Verba, S. (2015).Political culture and political development. Princeton University Press. Rimer, J. T. (Ed.). (2014).Culture and identity: Japanese intellectuals during the interwar years. Princeton university press. Schtte, H., Ciarlante, D. (2016).Consumer behaviour in Asia. Springer. Shively, D. H. (Ed.). (2015).Tradition and modernization in Japanese culture. Princeton University Press. Shortall, R., Kharrazi, A. (2017). Cultural factors of sustainable energy development: A case study of geothermal energy in Iceland and Japan.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,79, 101-109. Sugimoto, M., Swain, D. L. (2016).Science and culture in traditional Japan. Tuttle Publishing. Taylor, C. R., Okazaki, S. (2015). Do global brands use similar executional styles across cultures? A comparison of US and Japanese television advertising.Journal of Advertising,44(3), 276-288. Tsui, A. B., Tollefson, J. W. (Eds.). (2017).Language policy, culture, and identity in Asian contexts. Routledge. Wilks, S., Wright, M. (Eds.). (2016).The promotion and regulation of industry in Japan. Springer. Yang, E., Burger, J., Peters, M., Cruz, B., Steinberg, H. (2016, January). CUSTOMER SERVICE MANAGEMENT HOFSTEDE'S CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN AUSTRALIA, BRAZIL, CHINA, GERMANY, JAPAN, NORWAY, AND THE USA. InAllied Academies International Conference. Academy of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict. Proceedings(Vol. 21, No. 1, p. 62). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc. Yang, G., Hsu, D., Haas, A., Steinberg, H. (2016, October). ENTREPRENEURIAL CUSTOMER SERVICE, CULTURAL DIFFERENCES, THE BIG 5 IN CHINA, GREECE, JAPAN, THE UNITED STATES. InAcademy of Entrepreneurship(p. 23)

The issue of racial prejudice

Table of Contents Importance of race in the play Cultural treatment of foreigners The cultural context of Othello Works Cited The play of Othello has been one closely bound up with the question of race and racism. It is the underlying issue of racial prejudice in Venetian society that influences Iago’s plot against Othello, a prejudice both Othello and Desdemona are much aware of its existence. Desdemona denies prejudice in her own life. Her focus is only her love, of which she is loyal in preserving. However, Othello is not aware of how deep the issue of Elizabethan prejudice has conquered his own personality. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The issue of racial prejudice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prejudice makes Othello undermine himself by saying â€Å"I am not attractive†. â€Å"I am not worthy of Desdemona†. â€Å"It cannot be true that she really loves me,† an d â€Å"If she loves me, then there must be something wrong with her† (Shakespeare 72). Such thoughts prevent Othello from discussing the matter with Desdemona, so he acts with the panicked assumptions under the influence of Iago’s lies and hints. Surviving the Elizabethan’s prejudice requires Othello to be near perfect in strength and knowledge. For instance, Iago explicitly refers to Othello with a vulgar prejudice by asserting that â€Å"These Moors are changeable in their wills†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Shakespeare 30). We cannot ignore this assertion Iago makes about Othello. This vulgar prejudice against Othello is what readers can sustain as the truth about racial prejudice during Elizabethan period (Graham 23). Other critics consider Othello as one of the finest achievements of Shakespeare, but also as one of the most scandalous plays causing discomfort to both readers and viewers. Some critics argue that Shakespeare made a mistake by making a â€Å"Moor† his central character because only white characters could be tragic heroes. Others argue that Shakespeare was only expressing the values of Elizabethans regarding race issue, which he thought was an offensive portrayal of black people during his times. At the same time, other critics believe that Shakespeare was deliberately exposing the issue of racial prejudice of his fellow countrymen by representing a black tragic hero. Shakespeare’s characters are among the racist in Elizabethan period. They frequently use the word â€Å"black† to refer to Othello. For instance, Iago compares Othello to â€Å"an old black ram† (Shakespeare 5). This portrays the perceptions of Elizabethans toward black race. Elizabethans see black people as animals that do not possess human civility, but animalistic instincts. Brabanzio prejudices against black race due to their skin color. Consequently, he is unable to trust his own daughter’s association with Othello because it go es against his opinion concerning foreign race. Brabanzio reasserts his prejudice judgment by using the word â€Å"fear† to reflect his idea about blacks i.e. blacks are savage and uncivilized persons. Brabanzio goes further to substitute Othello’s dignity by referring to him as a â€Å"thing†. Advertising Looking for research paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At the same time, Desdemona must justify why she must marry a â€Å"Moor†. The white society does not accept racial marriages. When Desdemona asserts that she saw Othello in her mind, it means that she must rationalize and validate her love to Othello in her mind and not her heart. Iago tells Othello that Desdemona as his wife is so unnatural to the point that she refused â€Å"many proposed matches †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Of her own clime, complexion, and degree† (Shakespeare 70). ago uses these descriptions on Othel lo to invoke a sense of fear, evil, savageness and racial inferiority of the blacks. The culture of the whites portrays black race as degenerated and uncivilized. Othello must act within the limits of a racist society to deal with the alleged infidelity of Desdemona (Adelman 45). The Elizabethan definitions and identity of the â€Å"Moor† varied. They used the term to refer to blacks or someone outside their race. Therefore, any other race outside the white’s society was insignificant. Iago vulgarly refers to Othello as a â€Å"Barbary horse†. Elizabethans used the term â€Å"black† in reference to â€Å"Moor†, black or any other person with Arabic origins. Iago refers to Othello with derogative terms because of his skin pigmentation and his growing love and desire for a white woman. We can conclude that racial prejudice rotates around racial sexual union of Othello and Desdemona. Characters consider Othello as honorable and admirable person. Howe ver, Iago mixes sexual and race issues so as to find ways of attacking Othello from all sides. Therefore, Elizabethans use black’s physical features to define Othello’s identity. Importance of race in the play Racial prejudice marks the watershed in this play. The significance of Othello’s race and pigmentation work hard to expose racial prejudice in the Elizabethan era. This forces the audience not to see Othello as a stereotyped Moor, but as a tragic hero. The tragic event perpetuated by Iago transform Othello into what Iago wants him to be. This makes the play creates some discomfort among white audience. Shakespeare links race, prejudice and sex issues in order to create a web of tragedies. The play exposes the whites’ fear of miscegenation and mingling of races through Othello. Shakespeare is using the Moor to challenge the ideologies of race, sex and miscegenation in the Elizabethan period. The play stirs the audience sympathy through representation of the love of a white woman for a black man (Hadfield 30). Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The issue of racial prejudice specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was a taboo during the Elizabethan era with the fear of mixed-race offspring. A suitable scenario comes out through Roderigo when he tells Desdemona’s father that, â€Å"you’ll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse, you’ll have your nephews neigh to you† (Shakespeare 29). Cultural treatment of foreigners The descriptions other characters use in reference to Othello lead the audience to believe that Elizabethan people treated foreigners with a difference. Other characters use a number of culturally stereotyped names to refer to Othello. For instance, Emilia refers to Othello as the â€Å"Moor† by saying â€Å"The Moor’s abus’d by some outrageous knave†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ And made you to suspe ct me with the Moor† (Shakespeare 30). Such references make the readers conceive the story as one filled with stereotyped treatment of the Negros during Shakespeare’s period. The racist descriptions permeate the play throughout as evident in Roderigo and Iago. However, as Shakespeare develops his character, Othello, we realize that some characters around him treat him as an equal. Othello has a rich history of ancestry. We must see Othello as a Negro, but as a high and courteous Moorish chief. In other words, Shakespeare counteracts the Moorish references by developing the traits of Othello so that readers may forget his skin color. Later, Shakespeare presents Othello as a civilized, master of language, respected and above all, capable of passion beyond race. As the play closes, we realize that it is not all about race, but a story of a tragic character who commits a tragic act of murder. It is critical to note that the play starts in darkness. Strangely, the characte rs do not use Othello’s name in reference to him. Readers can only guess who could be â€Å"the black ram† through the terms other characters use in reference to Othello. The reference to the terms Moor, thick lips and a Barbary horse equate Othello to an animal. Roderigo sees the union between Othello and Desdemona as an act which will only results into a creation of a â€Å"beast with two backs† (Shakespeare, 29). We know that horses have wide lips, and by saying that the grandson will be a half-horse because of the â€Å"animal blood† in Othello is an extreme act of sex and racial prejudice cultural treatment of foreigners. Readers only have hints of Othello through references to animals Roderigo and Iago make. We can draw a conclusion between the Moor and animals. Roderigo and Iago make references to animals. They demonstrate that the Moors lack civility, and are half-human creatures that can only fit the definition of animals.Advertising Looking for research paper on british literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brabanzio experiences confusion at his daughter’s affair with the foreigner, the Moor. Thoughts and fear carry Brabanzio away to conclude that Othello is using the black magic and witches to lure Desdemona. It is equally fascinating to note that Brabanzio makes such remarks before even knowing the identity of Othello. He only relies on the descriptions Iago and Roderigo give Othello. The Elizabethans associated the dark and savage to black people’s magic. Since Othello is a â€Å"Moor†, Brabanzio laments, and wonders how Desdemona could have fallen in love with him â€Å"against all rules of nature† (Shakespeare 31). Brabanzio takes it to the extreme by wondering how his daughter could have fallen â€Å"in love with that she feared to look† (Shakespeare 31). This reference gives readers ideas how Shakespeare’s contemporaries treated foreigners. In other words, sexual union between blacks and whites was against the law of nature during the E lizabethan period (Sanders 66). Brabanzio uses some of the strongest remarks to define foreigners. Elizabethan considers different races that access the white’s society as pagans and bondslaves. For instance, Brabanzio asserts that â€Å"For if such actions may have passage free, bondslaves and pagans shall our statesmen be† (Shakespeare 32). Readers conclude that the Elizabethan did not recognize the existence of black men as true men. The whites regarded the Moors as bondslaves and pagans with no place in their white society. However, as Shakespeare continues to develop his tragic hero, Brabanzio changes his notion about Othello. Shakespeare presents the Moor as a refined character who speaks, acts and dresses as whites do. He also portrays the outstanding leadership qualities of Othello. Audiences begin to understand that Othello is no different from other white characters, except for the color of his skin. A part from Iago, Roderigo and other evil characters who characteristically refer to Othello as the Moor, the rest of the characters treats him with respect and call him the valiant Moor. This reference makes Othello’s race a significant part of him: a part which is rich in history and quite glorified. The cultural context of Othello When the play opens, it is hard for readers to imagine that the play will revolve around the issue of race. However, the cultural context of the tragic hero, Othello reveals that he does not compare to any racist terms other characters use to describe him. In order to erase the issue of race in a cultural context of his hero, Shakespeare cleverly develops his character to counteract the savagery and uncivilized terms racist characters use in reference to Othello. It is obvious that Othello does not fit any of the descriptions his enemies impose on him. For instance, when Othello advices his battalion to watch their swords reveals a deep personality of cultivated and intelligent man. Othello says â₠¬Å"Keep your bright swords, for the dew will rust them. Good signor you have more command with your years than with your weapons† (Shakespeare12). These lines draw the readers’ attention to the civility and gentleness of Othello. Readers wonder whether to judge Othello from the stereotyped and prejudiced point of view of Iago and Roderigo or use Othello’s words to judge him. Othello must prove himself as a truly civilized Moor before the white society. Some readers easily follow the assumptions Iago and Rederigo claim about Othello. Readers cannot judge Othello from the words of characters with ulterior motives. Iago and Roderigo lack credibility to provide substantial information regarding Othello. This makes his opinion insignificant to the reader since they are cruel and baseless. Shakespeare presents a tragic hero who is humble. Othello recognizes that he is different from other characters in terms of skin color and speech. Othello says that â€Å"Rude am I in speech†¦ And little blessed with the soft phrase of speech† (Shakespeare 13). This humble act of humility defines Othello’s character throughout the play. Othello recognizes that he is racially different from whites, but not racially mediocre character to them. Shakespeare asserts the fact that the â€Å"other race† can rise above whites and be their hero. The cultural context of Othello is one full of fascinating history. Othello woos a lover and friends alike with his rich cultural background and stories of heroism. They want to hear more and more of his fascinating tales. This creates a sense of admiration in Othello among some of his white admirers. It is this rich and exotic history of heroism which is lacking in whites’ society. The fascinating history makes the Duke to admit that his daughter would have fallen for such a story. Othello is using his cultural background to his advantage and never admits that his race is inferior to any. Thro ughout the play, comments of animal and savagery follow Othello. When Othello murders Desdemona, he uses the term base India to refer to himself. This barbarous act of brutality leaves the readers wondering whether Othello is a true civilized person or is an animal. This is the only instance where Othello puts is cultural orientation into a negative focus. The fundamental issue for readers to ponder is whether Othello is a beast or a civilized person. Readers wonder whether Iago and Roderigo have been right all along about the civility of Othello. Like most of Shakespeare’s tragic characters, we realize that Othello is man, regardless of race, trapped in a web of deceit and evil plots. Whether White or black, anybody is capable of murder, in a brutal manner, of course. Therefore, the issue of race inferiority is secondary to this play. Shakespeare demonstrates that racial prejudice has some of the most negative consequences, especially if people harbor ulterior motive agains t others. Works Cited Adelman, Janet. Iago’s alter ego: race as projection in Othello. New York: Routledge, 1997. Print. Graham, Bradshaw. Misrepresentations: Shakespeare and the Materialis. New York: Cornell University Press, 1993. Print. Hadfield, Andrew. A Routledge Literary Sourcebook on William Shakespeare’s Othello. New york: Routledge, 2003. Print. Sanders, Norman. Othello: The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Print. Shakespeare, William. Shakespeare’s Othello: Cliff Notes. Chicago: IDG Books Worldwide, 2000. Print. This research paper on The issue of racial prejudice was written and submitted by user Kinsley Stone to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.